Testwiki:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

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మూస:Redirect మూస:MoS guideline మూస:Pp-move-indef మూస:Style

This page guides the presentation of numbers, dates, times, measurements, currencies, coordinates, and similar material in articles. Its aim is to promote clarity and cohesion; this is especially important మూస:Em an article. The goal is to make the whole encyclopedia easier and more intuitive to use.

Where this manual provides options, consistency should be maintained within an article unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. The Arbitration Committee has ruled that editors should not change an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a substantial reason unrelated to mere choice of style, and that revert-warring over optional styles is unacceptable.మూస:Efn If discussion cannot determine which style to use in an article, defer to the style used by the first major contributor. మూస:TOC limit

General notes

Quotations, titles, etc.

మూస:See also Quotations, titles of books and articles, and similar "imported" text should be faithfully reproduced, even if they employ formats or units inconsistent with these guidelines or with other formats in the same article. If necessary, clarify via [bracketed interpolation], article text, or footnotes.

  • It is acceptable to change other date formats in the same article to provide consistency, so long as those changes would otherwise be acceptable.

Non-breaking spaces

Guidance on the use of non-breaking spaces ("hard spaces")మూస:Snd , మూస:Tlx,  , మూస:Tlxమూస:Sndis given in some sections below; మూస:Tlx may also be useful in controlling linebreaks in some situations. Not all situations in which hard spaces or మూస:Tlx may be appropriate are described. మూస:Crossref

Chronological items

Statements likely to become outdated

మూస:Shortcut మూస:See also

Except on pages updated regularly (e.g. the "Current events" portal), terms such as మూస:!xt, మూస:!xt, మూస:!xt, మూస:!xt, మూస:!xt, and మూస:!xt should usually be avoided in favor of phrases such as మూస:Xt, మూస:Xt, and మూస:Xt. For current and future events, use phrases like మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt to signal the time-dependence of the information. Using మూస:Tlx will produce the text మూస:Xt, with the additional benefit of putting the article in a category flagging it for periodic review. A full date is specified with మూస:Tlc. However, do not replace మూస:Xt with మూస:Tlc because some information (the మూస:Em of 2005) would be lost; instead, make use of the template's alternate-text parameter: మూస:Tlx.

Relative-time expressions are acceptable for very long periods, such as geological epochs: మూస:Xt

Dates, months, and years

మూస:Anchors మూస:Shortcut

Formats

Acceptable date formats
General use మూస:Nowrap
మూస:Small 		Comments
మూస:Xt మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt మూస:Xt A comma follows the year unless followed by other punctuation that replaces the comma: మూస:Unordered list
మూస:Xt మూస:Xt Omit year only where there is no risk of ambiguity: మూస:Unordered list
మూస:Xt మూస:Xt
మూస:Nobr మూస:Xt Use మూస:Nowrap format only with Gregorian dates from 1583 onward.మూస:Efn
మూస:Xt మూస:Xt

మూస:Shortcutమూస:Anchor

మూస:Shortcutమూస:Anchor

Unacceptable date formats (except in external titles and quotes)
Unacceptable Acceptable Comments
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt Do not add a dot to the day or to an abbreviated monthమూస:Efn
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt 		Months are capitalized
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:Nowrap 		Do not use ordinals (మూస:!xt, మూస:!xt, మూస:!xt, etc.)
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt 		Do not use these formats
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt 		Do not use a leading zero in month or dayమూస:Nbsp...
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt ... except in all-numeric మూస:Nowrap
మూస:!xt Do not use separators other than hyphens
మూస:!xt Do not abbreviate year to two digits
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt 		Do not use మూస:Nowrap, మూస:Nowrap or మూస:Nowrap formats.మూస:Efn
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt 		Do not use these formats.
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt 		మూస:Xt Do not use theseమూస:Nbspformats.
మూస:!xt No comma between month andమూస:Nbspyear
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt Comma required between day andమూస:Nbspyear
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt 		మూస:Xt Do not abbreviate year
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt Roman numerals are not normally used forమూస:Nbspdates
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt Years and days of the month are not normally written inమూస:Nbspwords
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt 		మూస:Nowrap
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt Do not zero-pad years
మూస:!xt మూస:Xt Use "the year" only where needed for clarity మూస:Nowrap
Consistency

మూస:Anchor మూస:Shortcut

  • Dates in article body text should all use the same format: మూస:Xt, but not మూస:!xt.
  • Publication dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:
    • the format used in the article body text,
    • an abbreviated format from the "Acceptable date formats" table, provided the day and month elements are in the same order as in dates in the article body, or
    • the format expected in the citation style being used (however, all-numeric date formats other than మూస:Nowrap must still be avoided).
For example, publication dates within a single article might be in one, but only one, of these formats (among others):
మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt
  • Access and archive dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:
    • the format used for publication dates in the article;
    • the format expected in the citation style adopted in the article (e.g. మూస:Nobr or
    • మూస:Nowrap
For example, access/archive dates within a single article might be in one, but only one, of these formats (among others):
మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt
When a citation style does not expect differing date formats, it is permissible to normalize publication dates to the article body text date format, and/or access/archive dates to either, with date consistency being preferred.
Strong national ties to a topic

మూస:Shortcut మూస:See also

  • Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. For the United States this is (for example) మూస:Nobr; for most other English-speaking countries it is మూస:Nobr.
  • Articles related to Canada or Israel may use either format with (as always) consistency within each article. మూస:See below
  • In some topic areas, the customary format differs from the usual national one: for example, articles on the modern US military, including US military biographical articles, use day-before-month, in accordance with US military usage.
Retaining existing format

మూస:Shortcut మూస:See also

  • If an article has evolved using predominantly one date format, this format should be used throughout the article, unless there are reasons for changing it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.
  • The date format chosen by the first major contributor in the early stages of an article should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.
  • Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".

Era style

మూస:Shortcut

Julian and Gregorian calendars

మూస:Shortcut మూస:See also

A date can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as it is (at the minimum) given in the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar or both, as described below. For example, an article on the early history of Islam may give dates in both Islamic and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, the article must make this clear.

  • Current events are dated using the Gregorian calendar.
  • Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar at that time are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the Continent of Europe from 1582, the British Empire from 14మూస:NbspSeptember 1752, and Russia from 14మూస:NbspFebruary 1918 మూస:Crossref.
  • Dates before 15మూస:NbspOctober 1582 (when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in some places) are normally given in the Julian calendar. The Julian day and month should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar, but the start of the Julian year should be assumed to be 1మూస:NbspJanuary మూస:Crossref.
  • Dates for Roman history before 45మూస:NbspBC are given in the Roman calendar, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.
  • For dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history, Julian or Gregorian equivalents are often uncertain. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.

The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources (or if reliable sources disagree, that used most commonly, with an explanatory footnote).

Where it's not obvious that a given date should be given in Julian alone or in Gregorian alone, consider giving both styles, for example by using మూస:Tl. If a date appears without being specified as Old Style or New Style, tagging that date with మూస:Tl will the page to Category:Articles containing ambiguous dates for further attention.

If there is a need to mention Old or New Style dates in an article (as in the Glorious Revolution), a footnote should be provided on the first usage, stating whether the New Style refers to a start of year adjustment or to the Gregorian calendar (it can mean either).

At some places and times, the new year began on a date other than 1మూస:NbspJanuary. For example, in England and its colonies until 1752, the year began on Annunciation Day, 25మూస:NbspMarch; మూస:Crossref. In writing about historical events, however, years should be assumed to have begun on 1మూస:NbspJanuary మూస:Crossref; if there is reason to use another start-of-year date, this should be noted.

Ranges

మూస:Anchorsమూస:Shortcut మూస:Hatnote

మూస:Shortcutమూస:Anchors

Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates

మూస:Shortcut

The linked forms should not be used on disambiguation pages, and "active" followed by the range is a better alternative for occupations not relating to the composition of works, whether it be musical, grammatical, historical, or any other such work.

Times of day

మూస:Shortcut Context determines whether the 12- or 24-hour clock is used. In all cases, colons separate hours, minutes, and (where present) seconds, e.g. మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt. Use figures (మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt) rather than words (మూస:!xt).

Time zones మూస:ShortcutGive dates and times appropriate to the time zone where an event took place. For example, the date of the attack on Pearl Harbor should be Decemberమూస:Nbsp7, 1941 (Hawaii time/మూస:Zwspdate). Give priority to the place at which the event had its most significant effects; for example, if a hacker in Monaco attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. In some cases, the best solution may be to add the date and time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). For example:

మూస:In5మూస:Xt

Alternatively, include just the UTC offset:

మూస:In5మూస:Xt

Rarely, the time zone in which an event took place has since changed; for example, China to 1949 was divided into five time zones, whereas all of modern China is UTC+8. Similarly, the term "UTC" is not appropriate for dates before this system was adopted in 1960;[1] Universal Time (UT) is the appropriate term for the mean time at the prime meridian (Greenwich) when it is unnecessary to specify the precise definition of the time scale. Be sure to show the UTC or offset appropriate to the clock time in use at the time of the event, not the modern time zone, if they differ.

Days of the week

Seasons of the year

మూస:Shortcut

Decades

మూస:Shortcut

Centuries and millennia

మూస:Shortcut The sequence of numbered years in dates runs మూస:Xt; there is no "year zero".

Long periods of time

Numbers

Numbers as figures or words

మూస:Shortcut మూస:Crossref

Generally, in article text:

మూస:See also

మూస:Anchorమూస:Shortcut Notes and exceptions:

మూస:Shortcut

Ordinals

మూస:Anchor

Number ranges

మూస:Shortcut As with date ranges మూస:Crossref, number ranges in general, such as page ranges, should state the full value of both the beginning and end of the range, with an en dash between, e.g. మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt. Forms such as మూస:Xtn and మూస:Xtn may be used where space is limited (such as in tables and infoboxes), or where a citation style formally requires it. (As usual, quotations are not changed.)

Singular versus plural

Fractions and ratios

మూస:Shortcut

Decimals

మూస:Shortcut

Grouping of digits

మూస:Technical reasons మూస:Shortcut

  • Digits should be grouped and separated either by commas or by narrow gaps (మూస:Em a period/full point).
    Grouping with commas
    Left of the decimal point, five or more digits are grouped into threes separated by commas (e.g.  మూస:Xt,  మూస:Xt,  మూస:Xt,  మూస:Xt).
    Numbers with exactly four digits left of the decimal point may optionally be grouped (either  మూస:Xt  or  మూస:Xt), provided that this is consistent within each article.
    When commas are used left of the decimal point, digits right of the decimal point are not grouped (i.e. should be given as an unbroken string).
    Markup: మూస:Tlc produces this formatting.
    Grouping with narrow gaps
    Digits are grouped both sides of the decimal point (e.g.  మూస:Xt,  మూస:Xt,  మూస:Xt).
    Digits are generally grouped into threes. Right of the decimal point, మూస:Em practice is to have a final group of four in preference to leaving an "orphaned" digit at the end (మూస:Xt, but మూస:Xt would also be acceptable). In mathematics-oriented articles long strings may be grouped into fives (e.g.  మూస:Xt).
    This style is especially recommended for articles related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics.
    Markup: Templates మూస:Tlx or మూస:Tlx may be used to produce this formatting. Note that use of మూస:Em space character as a separator in numbers, including non-breaking space, is problematic for screen readers. మూస:Crossref Screen readers read out each మూస:Em of digits as separate numbers (e.g.  30 000  is read as "thirty zero zero zero".)
  • Delimiting style should be consistent throughout a given article.
    • Either use commas or narrow gaps, but not both in the same article.
    • Either group the thousands in a four-digit number or do not, but not mixed use in the same article.
    • However, grouping by threes and fives may coexist.
  • An exception is made for four-digit page numbers or four-digit calendar years. These should never be grouped (not  మూస:!xt,  though  మూస:Xt  or  మూస:Xt).

Percentages

మూస:Shortcut

Scientific and engineering notation

  • Scientific notation always has a single nonzero digit to the left of the point: not మూస:!xt, but మూస:Xt.
  • Engineering notation is similar, but adjusted so that the exponent is a multiple of three: మూస:Xt.
  • Avoid mixing scientific and engineering notations (మూస:!xt).
  • In a table column (or other presentation) in which all values can be expressed with a single power of 10, consider giving e.g. మూస:Xt once in the column header, and omitting it in the individual entries. (Markup: {{e|7}})
  • In both notations, the number of digits indicates the precision. For example, మూస:Xt means rounded to the nearest thousand; మూస:Xt to the nearest hundred; మూస:Xt to the nearest ten; and మూస:Xt to the nearest unit.

Markup: మూస:Tlx and మూస:Tlx may be used to format exponential notation.

Uncertainty and rounding

మూస:Shortcut

Non-base-10 notations

మూస:Shortcut

  • In computer-related articles, use the prefix 0x for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and 0b for binary, unless there is a strong reason to use some other notation.మూస:Efn Explain these prefixes in the article's introduction or on first use.
  • In all other articles, use <sub> to create subscripts: మూస:Xt, మూస:Xt. Markup: 137<sub>9</sub>, 201<sub>3</sub>
  • For bases above 10, use symbols conventional for that base (as seen in reliable sources) e.g. for base 16 use మూస:Nobr.

Mathematical formulae

మూస:Main For the display of a mathematical formula, there are multiple options, covered in detail at మూస:Section link. One uses special MediaWiki మూస:Tag markup using LaTeX syntax, which is capable of complex formulae; the other relies on conventionalized HTML formatting of simple formulae.

On the user end, the మూస:Tag markup is displayed as a PNG image by default. Logged-in users can optionally have it rendered in MathML, or in HTML (via MathJax); detailed instructions are at Help:Displaying a formula.

[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Section headings|Do not put మూస:Tag markup in headings]]; it is an accessibility problem.

Units of measurement

మూస:Shortcut

Unit choice and order

Quantities are typically expressed using an appropriate "primary unit", displayed first, followed, when appropriate, by a conversion in parentheses e.g. మూస:Xt. For details on when and how to provide a conversion, see the section మూస:Section link. The choice of primary units depends on the circumstances, and should respect the principle of "strong national ties", where applicable:

  • In non-scientific articles relating to the United States, the primary units are US customary, e.g. మూస:Xt.
  • In non-scientific articles relating to the United Kingdom, the primary units for most quantities are metric or other internationally used units,మూస:Efn except that:
    • UK engineering-related articles, including those on bridges and tunnels, generally use the system of units that the topic was drawn up in (but road distances are given in imperial units, with a metric conversion – see next bullet);
    • the primary units for distance/మూస:Zwsplength, speed and fuel consumption are miles, miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon (except for short distances or lengths, where miles are too large for practical use);
    • the primary units for personal height and weight are feetమూస:Zwsp/inches and stones/మూస:Zwsppounds;
    • imperial pints are used for quantities of draught beer/మూస:Zwspcider and bottled milk;
  • In all other articles, the primary units chosen will be SI units, non-SI units officially accepted for use with the SI, or such other units as are conventional in reliable-source discussions of the article topic (such as revolutions per minute (rpm) for rotational speed, hands for heights of horses, et cetera).

మూస:Em

  • Quantities set via definition (as opposed to measured quantities) should be given first in the units used in the definition, even if this makes the structure of presentation inconsistent: మూస:Xt.
    • Or use about to emphasize which is the statutory, exact value: మూస:Xt.
  • Nominal quantities (e.g. మూస:Xt lumber) require consideration of whether the article is concerned with the item's actual dimensions or merely with its function. In some cases, the nominal quantity may suffice; in others it may be necessary to give the nominal size (often in non-SI units), the actual size in non-SI units, and the actual size in SI units.
  • Whenever a conversion is used, ensure that the precision of the converted quantity in the article is comparable to the precision of the value given by the source మూస:Crossref.
  • Where the article's primary units differ from the units given in the source, the మూస:Tlx template's |order=flip flag can be used; this causes the మూస:Em unit to be shown as secondary in the article, and the మూస:Em unit to be shown as primary: {{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip}} → మూస:Xt

Unit conversions

మూస:Shortcut Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same quantity, provide a conversion in parentheses: మూస:Xt; మూస:Xt. But in science-related articles, supplying such conversion is not required unless there is some special reason to do so.

  • Where an imperial unit is not part of the US customary system, or vice versaమూస:Sndand in particular, where those systems give a single term different definitionsమూస:Snda double conversion may be appropriate: మూస:Xt (markup: {{convert|80|kg|lb stlb}}); మూస:Xt (markup: {{convert|5|L/100km|mpgus mpgimp|abbr=on}}).
  • Generally, conversions to and from metric units and US or imperial units should be provided, except:
    • When inserting a conversion would make a common or linked expression awkward (మూస:Xt).
    • When units are part of the subject of a topicమూస:Sndnautical miles in articles about the history of nautical law (మూస:Xt), SI units in scientific articles (మూస:Xt), yards in articles about American footballమూస:Sndit can be excessive to provide conversions every time a unit occurs. It might be best to note that this topic will use the units (possibly giving the conversion factor to another familiar unit in a parenthetical note or a footnote), and link the first occurrence of each unit but not give a conversion every time it occurs.
  • Converted quantity values should use a మూస:Em similar to that of the source quantity value, so మూస:Xt, not మూస:!xt. Small numbers may need to be converted to a range where rounding would cause a significant distortion, so మూస:Xt, not మూస:!xt. Be careful especially when your source has already converted from the units you're now converting back to. This may be evidenced by multiples of common conversion factors in the data, such as 160 km (from 100 miles). మూస:Crossref
  • Conversion templates can be used to convert and format many common units, including మూస:Tlx, which includes non-breaking spaces.
  • In a direct quotation, always retain the source units. Any conversions can be supplied either in the quote itself (in square brackets, following the original measurement) or in a footnote. మూస:Crossref
  • మూస:Tlx may be added to articles needing general attention regarding choice of units and unit conversions.
  • Avoid edit-warring over unit conversions, or performing mass conversions from one unit style to another across many articles; sanctions may apply.మూస:Efn

Unit names and symbols

మూస:Shortcut

మూస:Em
  • Examples of unit names: foot, metre, kilometre, (meter, kilometer US).
  • Examples of unit symbols: ft, m, km.
  • Unit names and symbols should follow the practice of reliable sources.
  • In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times, but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly, after spelling out the first use (e.g. మూస:Xt).
    • Exception: Certain units are generally represented by their symbols (e.g. మూస:Xt rather than మూస:!xt) even on first use, though their unit names may be used for emphasis or clarity (మూస:Xt).
    • Exception: Consider using inches (but not in.) in place of in where the latter might be misread as a prepositionమూస:Mdashbbut not where the value is followed by a parenthesized conversion e.g. మూస:Xt, or is part of such a conversion (మూస:Xt).
  • Where space is limited, such as in tables, infoboxes, parenthetical notes, and mathematical formulas, unit symbols are preferred.
  • Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a nameమూస:Ndashsymbol pair on first use, linking the unit name (మూస:Xt).
  • Ranges use unspaced en dash (మూస:Tlx) if only one unit symbol is used at the end (e.g. మూస:Xt), and spaced en dash (మూస:Tlx) if two symbols are used (e.g. మూస:Xt); ranges in prose may be specified using either unit symbol or unit names, and units may be stated either after both numerical values or after the last (all acceptable: మూస:Nobr; మూస:Nobr; మూస:Nobr; మూస:Nobr).
  • Lengthమూస:Ndashwidth, lengthమూస:Ndashwidthమూస:Ndashheight and similar dimensions may be separated by the multiplication sign (× or &times;) or the word by.
మూస:Vanchor
మూస:Vert header Guideline Acceptable Unacceptable
rowspan=7 మూస:Vert header Except as listed in the మూస:Section link table below, unit మూస:Em are uncapiమూస:Shytalమూస:Shyized unless they are derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter (of the base unit symbol, not of any prefix) is capitalized.మూస:Efn మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt 		మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
Unit symbols are undotted. మూస:Xt మూస:!xt
Unit మూస:Em are given in lower case except: where any word would be capitalమూస:Shyized, or where otherwise specified in the SI brochure[2] or this Manual of Style. మూస:Plainlist మూస:!xt
The spelling of certain unit names (some of which are listed in మూస:Section link, below) varies with the variety of English followed by the article.
Write unit names and symbols in upright ([[Roman type|మూస:Sic]]) type, except where emphasizing in context. మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt 		మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:Xt
Do not use precomposed unit symbol characters. ㎓, ㎦
rowspan=8 మూస:Vert header Do not spell out numbers before unit మూస:Emమూస:Nbsp... మూస:Xt మూస:!xt
...మూస:Nbspbut words మూస:Em figures may be used with unit మూస:Em. మూస:Plainlist
A value with no accompanying unit is usually given in figures. మూస:Xt మూస:!xt
Use a non-breaking space (మూస:Tlx or &nbsp;) between a number and a unit మూస:Em, or use మూస:Tlxమూస:Nbsp... మూస:Xt
(markup: 29&nbsp;kg or మూస:Nowr) 		మూస:!xt
... though with certain symbols no space is used (see "Specificమూస:Nbspunits" table below)మూస:Nbsp... మూస:Nobr మూస:Nobr
... and a normal space is used between a number and a unit మూస:Em. మూస:Xt
(markup: 29 kilograms)
To form a value and a unit మూస:Em into a compound adjective use a hyphen or hyphensమూస:Nbsp... మూస:Plainlist
... but a non-breaking space (never hyphen) separates a value and unit మూస:Em. మూస:Plainlist మూస:!xt
rowspan=5 మూస:Vert header SI unit మూస:Em are pluralized by adding the appropriate మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt suffixమూస:Nbsp... మూస:Xt; మూస:Xt
... except for these irregular forms. మూస:Xt; మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt; మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt; మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt; మూస:Xt 		మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:Nbsp
Some non-SI units have irregular plurals. మూస:Xt; మూస:Xt మూస:!xt
మూస:Xt; మూస:Xt (unusual) మూస:!xt
Unit మూస:Em (in any system) are identical in singular and plural. మూస:Plainlist మూస:Nobr
rowspan=5 మూస:Vert header Format exponents using <sup>, not special characters. మూస:Xt
(markup: km<sup>2</sup>) 		మూస:!xt
(km&#178;)
Or use మూస:Xtn or మూస:Xtn (మూస:Em the unit being modified). మూస:Xt మూస:!xt
For areas or volumes only, మూస:Xtn or మూస:Xtn may be used (మూస:Em the unit being modified). మూస:!xt
మూస:Xt
మూస:Xtn or మూస:Xtn may be used with US customary or imperial units, but not with SI units. మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt 		మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
rowspan=4 మూస:Vert header Indicate a product of unit మూస:Em with either a hyphen or a space. మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist
Indicate a product of unit మూస:Em with &sdot; or &nbsp;. మూస:Plainlist
మూస:Em In some topic areas, such as power engineerమూస:Shying, certain products take neither space nor &sdot;. Follow the practice of reliable sources in the article's topic area. మూస:Plainlist
To pluralize a product of unit మూస:Em, pluralize only the final unit. (Unit మూస:Em are never pluralized.) మూస:Xt మూస:!xt
rowspan=7 మూస:Vert header Indicate a ratio of unit మూస:Em with మూస:Xtn. మూస:Xt మూస:!xt
Indicate a ratio of unit మూస:Em with a forward slash (/), followed by either a single symbol or a parenthesized product of symbolsమూస:Snddo not use multiple slashes. Or useమూస:Nbsp−1,మూస:Nbsp−2, etc. మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist
మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist
To pluralize a ratio of unit మూస:Em, pluralize only the numerator unit. (Unit మూస:Em are never pluralized.) మూస:Plainlist
Some of the special forms used in the imperial and US customary systems are shown hereమూస:Nbsp... మూస:Plainlist
... but only the slash or negative exponent notations are used with SI (and other metric) units. మూస:Plainlist మూస:!xt
మూస:Plainlist మూస:!xt
rowspan=4 మూస:Vert header Prefixes should not be separated by a space or hyphen. మూస:Xt మూస:Plainlist
Prefixes are added without contraction, except as shown here: మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt 		మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
The మూస:Xtn, మూస:Xtn, మూస:Xtn, and మూస:Xtn prefixes should generally be avoided; exceptions include centimetre, decibel, hectolitre, hectare, and hectopascal. మూస:Plainlist మూస:!xt
Do not use [[wikt:M#Number|మూస:!xt]] for 103, మూస:!xt for 106, or మూస:!xt for 109 (except as noted elsewhere on this page for మూస:Xtn and మూస:Xtn, e.g. for monetary values) మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt
మూస:Xt 		మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
మూస:!xt
rowspan=4 మూస:Vert header Mixed units are traditionally used with the imperial and US customary systemsమూస:Nbsp... మూస:Anchorమూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist
మూస:Plainlist
... and in expressing time durationsమూస:Nbsp... మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist
... but are not normally used in SI. మూస:Plainlist మూస:!xt

మూస:Em మూస:Reflist

Specific units

  • The following table lists only units that need special attention.
  • The SI Brochure[2] should be consulted for guidance on use of other SI and non-SI units.
Guidelines on specific units
మూస:Vert header Name Symbol Comment
rowspan = 8 మూస:Vert header మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist Do not use &prime;మూస:Nbsp(మూస:!xt), &Prime;మూస:Nbsp(మూస:!xt), apostropheమూస:Nbsp(మూస:!xt) or quoteమూస:Nbsp(మూస:!xt).
foot per second మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt)
hand మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt Equal to 4 inches; used in measurement of horses. A dot may be followed by additional inches e.g. మూస:Nobr indicates మూస:Nobr
knot మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt or మూస:!xt)
మూస:Plainlist మూస:Xt
micron మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt) Markup: &mu;mమూస:Nbsp Link to micrometre (for which micron is a synonym) on first use.
astronomical unit మూస:Xt
మూస:Nobr 		The preferred option is మూస:Xt. Articles that already use మూస:Xtn may switch to au or continue with AU; seek consensus on the talk page.
మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist In nautical and aeronautical contexts use మూస:Xt rather than mile to avoid confusion with nautical mile.
rowspan = 6 మూస:Vert header మూస:Plainlist మూస:Xt Markup: cm<sup>3</sup>
మూస:Xt Non-SI abbreviation used for certain engine displacements; link to Cubic centimetre on first use.
మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist మూస:Xtn or మూస:Xtn (or మూస:Xtn) must be specified; మూస:Xtn or మూస:Xtn must be specified for fluid ounces and US units, except with gallon. (Without మూస:Xtn, ounce is ambiguousమూస:Sndversus avoirdupois ounce or troy ounceమూస:Sndand US pint or US quart are ambiguousమూస:Sndversus US dry pint or US dry quart.)
cubic foot మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt) Write మూస:Xt, మూస:Xt, or మూస:Xt, not మూస:!xt.
మూస:Nobr మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt)
మూస:Plainlist మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt The symbol l (lowercase "el") in isolation (i.e. outside forms as ml) is easily mistaken for the digitమూస:Nbsp1 or the capital letterమూస:NbspIమూస:Nbsp("eye").
rowspan=6 మూస:Vert header మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist Spell out in full.
మూస:Nobr మూస:Xt
మూస:Plainlist మూస:Xt మూస:Nobr
troy ounce మూస:Xt మూస:Xtn or మూస:Xtn must be specified. Articles about precious metals, black powder, and gemstones should always specify whether ounces and pounds are avoirdupois or troy.
troy pound మూస:Xt
carat మూస:Xt Used to express masses of gemstones and pearls.
మూస:Vert header carat or karat మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt A measure of purity for gold alloys. (Do not confuse with the unit of mass with the same spelling.)
rowspan=3 మూస:Vert header మూస:Plainlist మూస:Plainlist Do not use &prime;మూస:Nbsp(మూస:!xt), &Prime;మూస:Nbsp(మూస:!xt), apostropheమూస:Nbsp(మూస:!xt) or quoteమూస:Nbsp(మూస:!xt) for minutes or seconds. See also the hours–minutes–seconds formats for time durations described in the Unit names and symbols table.
year మూస:Xt Use మూస:Xtn only with an SI prefix multiplier (మూస:Xt, not మూస:!xt).
మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt మూస:Crossref
rowspan=4 మూస:Vert header bit మూస:Xt మూస:Nobr మూస:Crossref Do not confuse bit/second or byte/second with baud (Bd).
byte మూస:Nobr
bit per second మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt, మూస:!xt)
byte per second మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt మూస:Nobr
rowspan = 4 మూస:Vert header
arcminute మూస:Xt Markup: &prime;మూస:Nbsp (prime ′ not apostrophe/మూస:Zwspsingle quoteమూస:Nbspమూస:!xt). మూస:Nobr
arcsecond మూస:Xt Markup: &Prime;మూస:Nbsp (double prime ″ not double-quoteమూస:Nbspమూస:!xt). మూస:Nobr
degree మూస:Xt Markup: &deg; (degree ° not masculine ordinal మూస:!xt or ring మూస:Thinspమూస:!xtమూస:Hsp). మూస:Nobr
rowspan = 3 మూస:Vert header degree Fahrenheit మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt) Markup: &deg;. Use a non-breaking space: మూస:Nobr, not మూస:Nobr nor మూస:Nobr మూస:Nobr
degree Celsius మూస:Nobr మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt)
kelvin మూస:Nobr మూస:Xt (మూస:Em మూస:!xt)
rowspan = 2 మూస:Vert header మూస:Plainlist మూస:Xt In certain subject areas, calorie is conventionమూస:Shyally used alone. Articles following this practice should specify on first use whether the use refers to the small calorie or to the kilocalorie (large calorie). Providing conversions to SI units (usually calories to joules or kilocalories to kilojoules) may also be useful. A kilocalorie (మూస:Xt) is 1000 calories. A calorie (small calorie) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C. A kilocalorie is therefore also a kilogram calorie.
మూస:Plainlist మూస:Xt

Quantities of bytes and bits

మూస:Shortcut In quantities of bits and bytes, the prefixes మూస:Xtn (symbol మూస:Xtn or మూస:Xtn), మూస:Xtn (మూస:Xtn), మూస:Xtn (మూస:Xtn), మూస:Xtn (మూస:Xtn), etc., are ambiguous. They may be based on a decimal system (like the standard SI prefixes), meaning 103, 106, 109, 1012, etc., or they may be based on a binary system, meaning 210, 220, 230, 240, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as RAM), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates, disk storage and in theoretical calculations in modern academic textbooks. మూస:Bit and byte prefixes Follow these recommendations when using these prefixes in Wikipedia articles:

  • Following the SI standard, a lower-case మూస:Xt should be used for "kilo-" whenever it means 1000 in computing contexts, whereas a capital మూస:Xt should be used instead to indicate the binary prefix for 1024 according to JEDEC. (If, under the exceptions detailed further below, the article otherwise uses IEC prefixes for binary units, use మూస:Xt instead).
  • Do not assume that the binary or decimal meaning of prefixes will be obvious to everyone. Explicitly specify the meaning of k and K as well as the primary meaning of M, G, T, etc. in an article (మూస:Tlx is a convenient helper). Consistency within each article is desirable, but the need for consistency may be balanced with other considerations.
  • The definition most relevant to the article should be chosen as primary for that article, e.g. specify a binary definition in an article on RAM, decimal definition in an article on hard drives, bit rates, and a binary definition for Windows file sizes, despite files usually being stored on hard drives.
  • Where consistency is not possible, specify wherever there is a deviation from the primary definition.
  • Disambiguation should be shown in bytes or bits, with clear indication of whether in binary or decimal base. There is no preference in the way to indicate the number of bytes and bits, but the notation style should be consistent within an article. Acceptable examples include:
  • Avoid inconsistent combinations such as మూస:!xt. Footnotes, such as those seen in మూస:Nowrap, may be used for disambiguation.
  • Unless explicitly stated otherwise, one byte is eight bits మూస:Crossref.

The IEC prefixes మూస:Xtn (symbol మూస:Xtn), మూస:Xtn (మూస:Xtn), మూస:Xtn (మూస:Xtn), etc., are generally not to be used except:మూస:Efn

  • when the majority of cited sources on the article topic use IEC prefixes;
  • in a direct quote using the IEC prefixes;
  • when explicitly discussing the IEC prefixes; or
  • in articles in which both types of prefix are used with neither clearly primary, or in which converting all quantities to one or the other type would be misleading or lose necessary precision, or declaring the actual meaning of a unit on each use would be impractical.

Currencies and monetary values

మూస:Shortcut మూస:Redirect మూస:See also

Choice of currency

Currency names

Currency symbols

  • In general, the first mention of a particular currency should use its full, unambiguous signifier (e.g. మూస:Xt), with subsequent references using just the appropriate symbol (e.g. మూస:Xt), unless this would be unclear. మూస:Em
    • In an article referring to multiple currencies represented by the same symbol (e.g. the dollars of the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countriesమూస:Sndమూస:Crossref) use the full signifier (e.g. మూస:Xt, మూస:Xt) each time, except (possibly) where a particular context makes this both unnecessary and undesirable.
    • In articles entirely on EU-, UK- and/or US-related topics, all occurrences may be shortened (మూస:Xt, మూస:Xt or మూస:Xt), unless this would be unclear.
  • The pound sterling is represented by the మూస:Xt symbol, with one horizontal bar. The double-barred మూస:!xt symbol is ambiguous, as it has also been used for the Italian lira and other currencies. For non-British currencies that use pounds or a pound symbol (e.g. the Irish pound, IR£) use the symbol conventionally preferred for that currency.
  • If there is no common English abbreviation or symbol, follow the ISO 4217 standard. మూస:Crossref

మూస:AnchorFormatting

మూస:Anchor

Conversions

  • Conversions of మూస:Em may be provided in terms of more familiar currenciesమూస:Sndsuch as the US dollar, euro or pound sterlingమూస:Sndusing an appropriate rate (which is often మూస:Em the current exchange rate). Conversions should be in parentheses after the original currency, rounding to avoid false precision (two significant digits is usually sufficient, as most exchange rates fluctuate significantly), with at least the year given as a rough point of conversion rate reference; e.g. మూస:Xt, not మూస:!xt
  • For మూస:Em, provide an equivalent (formatted as a conversion) if possible, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. decimal pounds for historical pre-decimal pounds-and-shillings), or a US-dollar equivalent where there is no modern equivalent.
  • In some cases, it may be appropriate to provide a conversion accounting for inflation or deflation over time. మూస:Crossref

Common mathematical symbols

మూస:Shortcut మూస:See also

  • The Insert menu below the editing window gives a more complete list of math symbols, and allows symbols to be inserted without the HTML encoding (e.g. &divide;) shown here.
  • Spaces are placed to left and right when a symbol is used మూస:Nobr (మూస:Xt), but no space is used when మూస:Nobr (మూస:Xt). Exception: spaces are usually omitted in inline fractions formed with /: మూస:Xt not మూస:!xt.
  • The మూస:Tlx (for single-letter variables) and మూస:Tlx (for more complicated expressions) templates are available to display mathematical formulas in a manner distinct from surrounding text.
  • The మూస:Tlx and మూస:Tlx templates may be used to prevent awkward linebreaks.

మూస:Clear right

Common mathematical symbols
Symbol name Example Markup Comments
Plus /
positive 		మూస:Math {{math|''x'' + ''y''}}
మూస:Math {{math|+''y''}}
Minus /
negative 		మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &minus; ''y''}} Do not use hyphens (మూస:!xt) or dashes (మూస:!xt మూస:Nobr
మూస:Math {{math|&minus;''y''}}
Plus-minus /
minus-plus 		41.5 ± 0.3 41.5 &plusmn; 0.3
మూస:Math మూస:Nobr
Multiplication,
dot 		మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &sdot; ''y''}}
Multiplication,
cross 		మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &times; ''y''}} Do not use the letter మూస:!xt to indicate multiplication. However, an మూస:Em మూస:Xt may be used as a substitute for "by" in common terms such as [[4x4|మూస:Xt]].
Division, obelus మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &divide; ''y''}}
Equal / equals మూస:Math {{math|1=''x'' = ''y''}} or
{{math|''x'' {{=}} ''y''}} 		Note the use of 1= or {{=}} to make the template parameters work correctly
Not equal మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &ne; ''y''}}
Approx. equal మూస:Math {{math|''&pi;'' &asymp; 3.14}}
Less than మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &lt; ''y''}}
Less or equal మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &le; ''y''}}
Greater than మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &gt; ''y''}}
Greater or equal మూస:Math {{math|''x'' &ge; ''y''}}

Geographical coordinates

మూస:Shortcut
మూస:Crossref
Quick guide:

మూస:Coord how-to

Geographical coordinates on Earth should be entered using a template to standardise the format and to provide a link to maps of the coordinates. As long as the templates are adhered to, a robot performs the functions automatically.

First, obtain the coordinates. Avoid excessive precision.

The మూస:Tlx template offers users a choice of display format through user styles, emits a Geo microformat, and is recognised (in the మూస:Em position) by the "nearby" feature of Wikipedia's mobile apps and by external service providers such as Google Maps and Google Earth, and Yahoo. Infoboxes automatically emit మూస:Tlx.

The following formats are available.

where:

For example:

For the city of Oslo, located at 59° 55′ N, 10° 44′ E:

{{coord|59|55|N|10|44|E}}మూస:Sndwhich becomes మూస:Coord

For a country, like Botswana, less precision is appropriate:

{{coord|22|S|24|E}}మూస:Sndwhich becomes మూస:Coord

Higher levels of precision are obtained by using seconds:

{{coord|33|56|24|N|118|24|00|W}}మూస:Sndwhich becomes మూస:Coord

Coordinates can be entered as decimal values

{{coord|33.94|S|118.40|W}}మూస:Sndwhich becomes మూస:Coord

Increasing or decreasing the number of decimal places controls the precision. Trailing zeros should be used as needed to ensure that both values have the same level of precision.

London Heathrow Airport, Amsterdam, Jan Mayen and Mount Baker are examples of articles that contain geographical coordinates.

Generally, the larger the object being mapped, the మూస:Em the coordinates should be. For example, if just giving the location of a city, precision greater than 100మూస:Nbspmeters is not needed unless specifying a particular point in the city, for example the central administrative building. Specific buildings or other objects of similar size would justify precisions down to 10మూస:Nbspmeters or even one meter in some cases (1′′ ~15మూస:Nbspm to 30మూస:Nbspm, 0.0001° ~5.6మూస:Nbspm to 10మూస:Nbspm).

The final field, following the E/W, is available for attributes such as type:, region:, or scale: మూస:Crossref.

When adding coordinates, please remove the మూస:Tlx tag from the article, if present.

మూస:Crossref

Templates other than మూస:Tlx should use the following variable names for coordinates: మూస:Var, మూస:Var, మూస:Var, మూస:Var, మూస:Var, మూస:Var, మూస:Var, మూస:Var.

See also

Notes

మూస:Notelist

References

మూస:Reflist

మూస:Style wide మూస:Math templates

  1. ↑ మూస:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 మూస:Cite book Tables 6, 7, 8, and 9 give additional guidance on non-SI units.
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